Crataegus oxyacantha – Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Composition And More

What is Crataegus oxyacantha?

Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha), also known as haw, maybush, or whitehorn, is a spiny shrub or tree native to temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, and North America. It belongs to the Rosaceae family and is characterized by bright green leaves, white flowers, and vibrant red berries. Traditionally, hawthorn has been used in folk medicine to treat conditions such as diarrhea, gallbladder disease, and insomnia and as an antispasmodic agent for asthma.

Crataegus oxyacantha Chemical Constituents

Crataegus oxyacantha is well-known for its cardioprotective properties. The source material contains various pharmacologically active compounds, most commonly reported as flavonoids, triterpenic acids, and phenol carboxylic acids.

Crataegus oxyacantha leaves, flowers, and fruits are rich in biologically active compounds, including oligomeric procyanidins, flavonoids, and catechins. Current research suggests that Crataegus oxyacantha extract has antioxidant properties and can inhibit the formation of thromboxane A2. Over 150 chemical constituents have been identified in this plant, such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, lignans, organic acids, and nitrogen-containing compounds.

Additionally, Crataegus oxyacantha contains vitamin C, saponins, tannins, cardiotonic amines (including phenylethylamine, tyramine, isobutylamine, O-methoxy phenylethylamine, choline, and acetylcholine), purine derivatives (like adenosine, adenine, guanine, caffeic acid, and amygdalin), and triterpene acids, including ursolic acid.

Crataegus oxyacantha Preparation

Crataegus oxyacantha, commonly known as hawthorn, can be prepared in various forms to utilize its medicinal properties. The preparation method may affect the concentration of active ingredients, so it is important to follow dosage instructions carefully. Crataegus oxyacantha, commonly known as hawthorn, is a genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family. The fruits, leaves, and flowers of Crataegus oxyacantha species have been used in traditional medicine for centuries.

Here are some common preparation methods for using Crataegus oxyacantha:

• Tinctures: Tinctures are liquid extracts made by soaking the dried Crataegus oxyacantha berries, leaves, or flowers in alcohol or a water-alcohol mixture. This method concentrates on the active ingredients. To use, the tincture is typically diluted in water or juice.
• Teas and Infusions: Teas or infusions are made by steeping Crataegus oxyacantha leaves, flowers, or berries in hot water. This method extracts the water-soluble components. The tea can be consumed hot or cold and is often sweetened with honey.
• Capsules and Tablets: Crataegus oxyacantha is also available in capsule or tablet form. These preparations contain dried and powdered plant material or a standardized extract. They provide a convenient way to consume a consistent dosage.
• Liquid Extracts: These are similar to tinctures but may be made using glycerin or vinegar instead of alcohol. They are suitable for those who prefer or need an alcohol-free option.
• Syrups: Syrups combine Crataegus oxyacantha extract with a sweetener, often honey or sugar. This preparation is particularly useful for those who prefer a sweeter taste or need an alcohol-free option.
• Powders: The dried berries, leaves, or flowers can be ground into a fine powder. This powder can be mixed into foods, smoothies, or drinks.

Crataegus oxyacantha Mother Tincture

Crataegus oxyacantha mother tincture is a concentrated liquid extract made from the Crataegus oxyacantha plant. It is typically prepared using the plant’s berries, leaves, or flowers and serves as a base or mother for preparing other homeopathic dilutions. The tincture is believed to support heart health by improving circulation, regulating blood pressure, and strengthening the heart muscle. It may also have antioxidant properties.

• Selection of Plant Material: High-quality Crataegus oxyacantha berries, leaves, or flowers are harvested. The plant material is ideally fresh, as it contains more active compounds.
• Extraction Process: The plant material is macerated (chopped or ground) and soaked in alcohol and water. The alcohol serves as a solvent to extract the active ingredients from the plant material. The ratio of plant material to solvent can vary, but a common ratio is 1 part plant material to 10 parts solvent.
• Maceration Period: The mixture is allowed to sit for a period, usually two to four weeks, to allow the active ingredients to fully extract into the solution. The mixture is typically kept in a dark, cool place and shaken periodically.
• Filtration: After the maceration period, the mixture is filtered to remove the plant solids, leaving behind a liquid extract that contains the plant’s active constituents.
• Bottling: The resulting mother tincture is bottled in dark glass containers to protect it from light, which can degrade the active compounds.

Benefits of Crataegus oxyacantha

Crataegus oxyacantha, commonly known as hawthorn, has a long history of traditional use and has been the subject of extensive research for its potential health benefits.

• Cardiovascular health: Crataegus oxyacantha has been extensively studied for its effects on the cardiovascular system. The plant contains various flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and other compounds that may help support healthy blood pressure, improve blood flow, and protect the heart. Research suggests that Crataegus oxyacantha may help reduce cholesterol levels, improve blood vessel function, and exert mild diuretic effects. Several studies have indicated that Crataegus oxyacantha extracts may be helpful for individuals with mild to moderate heart failure, angina, and other cardiovascular conditions.
• Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects: Crataegus oxyacantha is rich in antioxidant compounds, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, which can help neutralize harmful free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. The plant has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, which may help mitigate inflammation-related conditions. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Crataegus oxyacantha may contribute to its potential benefits for cardiovascular and other health areas.
• Digestive support: Crataegus oxyacantha has been used in traditional medicine to support digestive health. Some studies suggest that Crataegus oxyacantha may help regulate gastric acid secretion and protect the gastric mucosa, which could benefit conditions like gastritis or peptic ulcers.
• Anxiety and mood support: Preliminary research indicates that Crataegus oxyacantha may have mild anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) and mood-enhancing properties. The plant’s constituents, such as flavonoids, may interact with neurotransmitter systems in the brain to elicit these effects.

What does Crataegus oxyacantha Treat?

Crataegus oxyacantha supports heart health and may help manage high blood pressure and cholesterol. Studies in humans suggest that it can improve blood flow in the coronary arteries, enhance circulation, and reduce blood pressure. It has also been used topically to treat skin conditions like boils and sores.

• Heart Failure: Crataegus oxyacantha has been studied for its potential benefits in people with heart failure, where the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. It may also help people with heart failure exercise more easily by reducing symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue.
• Chest Pain (Angina): Crataegus oxyacantha may help reduce chest pain caused by low blood flow to the heart, known as angina. In one study, 60 people with angina took either 180 mg of hawthorn berry leaf flower extract or a placebo daily for three weeks. Those who took Crataegus oxyacantha showed improved blood flow to the heart and could exercise longer without experiencing chest pain.
• High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Although more research is needed, Crataegus oxyacantha has been used to help manage high blood pressure, particularly in people with type 2 diabetes.
• Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties: Crataegus oxyacantha is rich in antioxidants, which help combat oxidative stress and inflammation in the body.

Crataegus oxyacantha Homeopathic Uses

Homeopathic Crataegus oxyacantha is typically prepared by diluting the plant’s extract in a series of steps, following homeopathic dilution and potentization principles. The specific potency and dosage of the remedy may vary depending on the individual’s symptoms and the homeopathic practitioner’s assessment.

It is important to note that while homeopathic Crataegus oxyacantha has been used for centuries, the scientific evidence supporting its efficacy is limited. As with any complementary or alternative medicine, it’s essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional, especially if you have any pre-existing medical conditions or are taking medications.

Here are some of the key uses and applications of Crataegus oxyacantha in homeopathy:

• Cardiovascular conditions: Crataegus oxyacantha is one of the most widely used homeopathic remedies for various heart-related conditions. It is often used to support healthy heart function, especially in mild to moderate heart failure, angina, and other cardiovascular issues. Homeopathic Crataegus oxyacantha may help regulate heart rate, improve blood circulation, and support the overall health of the cardiovascular system.
• Anxiety and nervous system disorders: Crataegus oxyacantha is sometimes used in homeopathy to help alleviate symptoms of anxiety, nervousness, and other neurological conditions. The remedy may have a calming effect on the nervous system and help promote relaxation.
• Digestive issues: Homeopathic Crataegus oxyacantha may address various gastrointestinal problems, such as indigestion, bloating, and mild stomach discomfort. The remedy is thought to help regulate gastric acid secretion and support healthy digestion.
• Circulatory problems: Crataegus oxyacantha is believed to affect the circulatory system positively, and homeopathic practitioners may use it to address issues like poor circulation, cold extremities, and Raynaud’s phenomenon.
• Insomnia and sleep disorders: In some cases, homeopathic Crataegus oxyacantha may help improve sleep quality and address insomnia, especially when the sleep disturbances are related to underlying cardiovascular or nervous system issues.

Crataegus oxyacantha Dosage

The dosage of Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn) can vary depending on the form of the supplement and the specific condition being treated. It is essential to follow the dosage instructions provided on the product label or as directed by a healthcare professional.

Typical dosages range from 1 to 2 grams, taken three times daily. Standardized extracts containing 2.2% flavonoids or 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs) are commonly used for heart failure or cardiovascular health. The typical dose is 160 to 900 mg daily, divided into two or three doses.

It is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting hawthorn, especially if you are taking other medications or have underlying health conditions, as hawthorn can interact with certain medications, including blood pressure and heart medications.

Crataegus oxyacantha Dosage for Adults

The appropriate dosage of Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn) for adults can vary depending on the specific product, the intended use, and the individual’s health status. Always start with the lower end of the recommended dosage range and gradually increase as needed while closely monitoring for any adverse effects.

It is also crucial to consult with a healthcare professional, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition or are taking medication, before using Crataegus oxyacantha or any other herbal supplement.

• Powdered herb: 300-500 mg, 2-3 times per day
• Tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol): 2-4 mL, 2-3 times per day
• Fluid extract (1:1): 1-4 mL, 2-3 times per day
• Potencies range from 6C to 30C, typically taken 1-3 times daily.

Crataegus oxyacantha Dosage for Children

The use of Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn) in children should be cautiously approached, as there is limited research on its safety and effectiveness for this age group. The dosage for children is generally lower than that for adults and should be determined based on the child’s age, weight, and specific health needs. Like dried leaves and flowers, this form is not usually recommended for young children. Older children may take a lower dose than adults, but only under professional guidance.

Who should avoid Crataegus oxyacantha?

• Heart conditions: Crataegus oxyacantha may interact with medications such as digoxin to treat heart conditions. Individuals with severe or uncontrolled heart disease should consult their healthcare provider before using Crataegus oxyacantha.
• Low blood pressure: Crataegus oxyacantha may have a mild hypotensive (blood pressure-lowering) effect, so individuals with low blood pressure or on blood pressure-lowering medications should use it with caution.
• Gastrointestinal disorders: Crataegus oxyacantha may exacerbate certain gastrointestinal conditions, such as gastritis or peptic ulcers, in some individuals.
• Pregnant and breastfeeding women: The safety of Crataegus oxyacantha during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been fully established. It is generally advised to avoid or limit its use during these periods.
• Children and adolescents: Limited research exists on the safety and efficacy of Crataegus oxyacantha in children and adolescents. It is generally recommended that young individuals consult a healthcare provider before administering Crataegus oxyacantha.

Potential side effects and risks of Crataegus oxyacantha use

• Gastrointestinal side effects: Crataegus oxyacantha may cause mild digestive issues, such as nausea, vomiting, or abdominal discomfort, in some individuals.
• Allergic reactions: Some people may experience allergic reactions, such as skin rashes, itching, or breathing difficulties, upon using Crataegus oxyacantha.
• Drug interactions: Crataegus oxyacantha may interact with certain medications, including anticoagulants, antidepressants, and heart medications. It is crucial to inform healthcare providers about all medications and supplements being used.
• Increased sensitivity to sunlight: Crataegus oxyacantha may increase photosensitivity in some individuals, increasing the risk of sunburn or skin irritation.

References

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/Crataegus oxyacantha
• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2013/149363
• https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/hawthorn#:~:text=Hawthorn%20(Crataegus oxyacantha%20species)%20has%20been,circulatory%20disorders%20and%20respiratory%20illnesses.
• https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/hawthorn-berry-benefits

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